Mosaic PPM1D mutations are associated with predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer.
Ruark, Elise 1,39; Snape, Katie 1,39; Humburg, Peter 2,39; Loveday, Chey 1; Bajrami, Ilirjana 3; Brough, Rachel 3,4; Rodrigues, Daniel Nava 3; Renwick, Anthony 1; Seal, Sheila 1; Ramsay, Emma 1; Del Vecchio Duarte, Silvana 1; Rivas, Manuel A. 2,5; Warren-Perry, Margaret 1; Zachariou, Anna 1; Campion-Flora, Adriana 3; Hanks, Sandra 1; Murray, Anne 1; Pour, Naser Ansari 1; Douglas, Jenny 1; Gregory, Lorna 2; Rimmer, Andrew 2; Walker, Neil M. 6; Yang, Tsun-Po 7; Adlard, Julian W. 8; Barwell, Julian 9; Berg, Jonathan 10; Brady, Angela F. 11; Brewer, Carole 12; Brice, Glen 13; Chapman, Cyril 14; Cook, Jackie 15; Davidson, Rosemarie 16; Donaldson, Alan 17; Douglas, Fiona 18; Eccles, Diana 19; Evans, Gareth D. 20; Greenhalgh, Lynn 21; Henderson, Alex 18; Izatt, Louise 22; Kumar, Ajith 23; Lalloo, Fiona 24; Miedzybrodzka, Zosia 25; Morrison, Patrick J. 26; Paterson, Joan 27; Porteous, Mary 28; Rogers, Mark T. 29; Shanley, Susan 30; Walker, Lisa 31; Gore, Martin 32; Houlston, Richard 1; Brown, Matthew A. 33; Caufield, Mark J. 34; Deloukas, Panagiotis 7; McCarthy, Mark I. 2,35,36; Todd, John A. 6; The Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility Collaboration 40; Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 40; Turnbull, Clare 1,30; Reis-Filho, Jorge S. 3; Ashworth, Alan 3; Antoniou, Antonis C. 37; Lord, Christopher J. 3; Donnelly, Peter 2,38; Rahman, Nazneen 1,30,*
[Letter]
Nature.
493(7432):406-410, January 17, 2013.
(Format: HTML, PDF)
: Improved sequencing technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for investigating the role of rare genetic variation in common disease. However, there are considerable challenges with respect to study design, data analysis and replication 1. Using pooled next-generation sequencing of 507 genes implicated in the repair of DNA in 1,150 samples, an analytical strategy focused on protein-truncating variants (PTVs) and a large-scale sequencing case-control replication experiment in 13,642 individuals, here we show that rare PTVs in the p53-inducible protein phosphatase PPM1D are associated with predisposition to breast cancer and ovarian cancer. PPM1D PTV mutations were present in 25 out of 7,781 cases versus 1 out of 5,861 controls (P = 1.12 x 10-5), including 18 mutations in 6,912 individuals with breast cancer (P = 2.42 x 10-4) and 12 mutations in 1,121 individuals with ovarian cancer (P = 3.10 x 10-9). Notably, all of the identified PPM1D PTVs were mosaic in lymphocyte DNA and clustered within a 370-base-pair region in the final exon of the gene, carboxy-terminal to the phosphatase catalytic domain. Functional studies demonstrate that the mutations result in enhanced suppression of p53 in response to ionizing radiation exposure, suggesting that the mutant alleles encode hyperactive PPM1D isoforms. Thus, although the mutations cause premature protein truncation, they do not result in the simple loss-of-function effect typically associated with this class of variant, but instead probably have a gain-of-function effect. Our results have implications for the detection and management of breast and ovarian cancer risk. More generally, these data provide new insights into the role of rare and of mosaic genetic variants in common conditions, and the use of sequencing in their identification.
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