Information de reference pour ce titreAccession Number: | 00022363-200804000-00017.
|
Author: | Brotanek, Jane M. MD, MPH; Gosz, Jacqueline MS; Weitzman, Michael MD; Flores, Glenn MD
|
Institution: | Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, and Children's Medical Center, Dallas (Drs Brotanek and Flores); St Andrew's School, Boca Raton, Florida (Ms Gosz); and Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (Dr Weitzman).
|
Title: | |
Source: | Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 162(4):374-381, April 2008.
|
Abstract: | Objective: To examine secular trends in iron deficiency among US children 1 to 3 years old.
Design: Secular trend analyses of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II-IV.
Setting: Large-scale national survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics from 1976 to 2002.
Participants: US children 1 to 3 years old.
Outcome Measure: Prevalence of iron deficiency.
Results: Between 1976 and 2002, there was no change in iron deficiency prevalence in US toddlers. Iron deficiency prevalence remained unchanged in Hispanic and white toddlers but decreased among black toddlers. Across all 3 survey waves, racial/ethnic disparities in iron deficiency persisted between Hispanic and white toddlers, with a disparity ratio of at least 2. Iron deficiency prevalence remained high (20%-24%) in overweight toddlers, significantly higher than in those at risk for overweight (11%) and in normal weight or underweight toddlers (8%). Iron deficiency prevalence decreased from 22% to 9% in toddlers in poor households but remained unchanged in toddlers in nonpoor households (7%). In multivariable analyses, Hispanic, younger, and overweight toddlers had higher odds of iron deficiency.
Conclusions: Despite the decline in iron deficiency prevalence among 1-year-old, black, and poor children, iron deficiency prevalence in US toddlers overall has not changed in the last 26 years and remains elevated in certain high-risk groups: Hispanic, younger, and overweight toddlers. Efforts to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency in infancy and early childhood are urgently needed and should target high-risk groups.
Copyright 2008 by the American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved. Applicable FARS/DFARS Restrictions Apply to Government Use. American Medical Association, 515 N. State St, Chicago, IL 60610.
|
Author Keywords: | Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Children's Health; Deficiency Diseases; Hispanic Americans; Infant; Iron; Overweight; Prevalence; Public Health; Socioeconomic Factors; United States.
|
References: | 1. Pollitt E. Iron deficiency and cognitive function. Annu Rev Nutr. 1993;13:521-537.
2. Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Wolf AW. Long-term developmental outcomes of infants with iron deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(10):687-694
3. Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Hagen J, Mollen E, Wolf AW. Poorer behavioral and developmental outcomes more then 10 years after treatment for iron deficiency in infancy. Pediatrics 2000, 105(4):E51.
4. Walter T, Kovalskys J, Stekel A. Effect of mild iron deficiency anemia on infant mental development scores. J Pediatr. 1983;102(4):519-522
5. Lozoff B, Brittenham GM, Wolf AW, et al. Iron deficiency anemia and iron therapy: effects on infant developmental test performance. Pediatrics. 1987;79(6):981-995
6. Walter T, de Andraca I, Chadud P, Perales CG. Iron deficiency anemia: adverse effects on infant psychomotor development. Pediatrics. 1989;84(1):7-17
7. Lozoff B, de Andraca I, Castillo M, Smith J, Walter T, Pino P. Behavioral and developmental effects of preventing iron-deficiency anemia in healthy full-term infants. Pediatrics. 2003;112(4):846-854
8. Lozoff B, Smith J, Liberzon T, Argulo-Barroso R, Jimenez E. Longitudinal analysis of cognitive and motor effects of iron deficiency in infancy [abstract]. Pediatr Res. 2004; 5523A.
9. Oski FA. Iron deficiency in infancy and childhood. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(3):190-193
10. Oski FA, Honig AS, Helu B, Howanitz P. Effect of iron therapy on behavior performance in non-anemic, iron-deficient infants. Pediatrics. 1983;71(6):877-880
11. Lozoff B, Brittenham GM, Viteri FE, Wolf AW, Urrutia JJ. Developmental deficits in iron-deficient infants: effects of age and severity of iron lack. J Pediatr. 1982;101(6):948-952
12. Dallman PR, Yip R, Johnson C. Prevalence and causes of anemia in the United States, 1976to 1980. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984;39(3):437-445
13. Looker AC, Dallman PR, Carroll MD, Gunter EW, Johnson CL. Prevalence of iron deficiency in the United States. JAMA. 1997;277(12):973-976
14. DeMaeyer E, Adiels-Tegman M. The prevalence of anaemia in the world. World Health Stat Q. 1985;38(3):302-316
15. Stoltzfus R. Defining iron-deficiency anemia in public health terms: a time for reflection. J Nutr. 2001;131(2S-2): 565S-567S
16. US Department of Health and Human Services. Tracking Healthy People 2010. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2000.
17. Ramakrishnan U, Yip R. Experiences and challenges in industrialized countries: Control of iron deficiency in industrialized countries. J Nutr. 2002;132(4(suppl): 820S-824S
18. Schneider JM, Fujii ML, Lamp CL, Lonnerdal B, Dewey KG, Zidenberg-Cherr S. Anemia, iron deficiency, and iron-deficiency anemia in 12-36-mo-old children from low-income families. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(6):1269-1275
19. Yip R, Walsh KM, Goldfarb MG, Binkin NJ. Declining prevalence of anemia in childhood in a middle-class setting: a pediatric success story? Pediatrics. 1987;80(3):330-334
20. Overby KJ, Rudolph AM, Hoffman JI, Rudolph CD, eds. Counseling and anticipatory guidance. In Rudolph's Pediatrics. 20th ed.Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1996:19-30.
21. Sherry B, Mei Z, Yip R. Continuation of the decline in prevalence of anemia in low-income infants and children in five states. Pediatrics. 2001;107(4):677-682
22. Sherry B, Bister D, Yip R. Continuation of decline in prevalence of anemia in low-income children: the Vermont experience. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151(9):928-930
23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Iron deficiency: United States, 1999-2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51(40):897-899
24. Brotanek JM, Halterman J, Auinger P, Flores G, Weitzman M. Iron deficiency, prolonged bottle-feeding, and racial/ethnic disparities in young children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(11):1038-1042
25. Brotanek JM, Gosz J, Weitzman M, Flores G. Iron deficiency in early childhood in the United States: risk factors and racial/ethnic disparities. Pediatrics. 2007;120(3):568-574
26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999-2000 NHANES Public Release File Documentation. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/ma...- ouverture dans une nouvelle fenêtre. Accessed February 20, 2007.
27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000-2001 NHANES Public Release File Documentation. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/ma...- ouverture dans une nouvelle fenêtre. Accessed February 20, 2007.
28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reports and Reference Manuals: The Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES II. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/ma...- ouverture dans une nouvelle fenêtre. Accessed February 19, 2007.
29. National Center for Health Statistics. Plan and Operation of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 1994.
30. National Center for Health Statistics. Analytic and Reporting Guidelines: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2006.
31. Harrison GG, Stormer A, Herman DR, Winham DM. Development of a Spanish-language version of the U.S. household food security survey module. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1192-1197
32. Gunter EW, Lewis BG, Koncikowski SM. Laboratory Procedures Used for the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994. Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1996.
33. Looker AC, Gunter EW, Johnson CL. Methods to assess iron status in various NHANES surveys. Nutr Rev. 1995;53(9):246-254
34. Expert Scientific Working Group. Summary of a report on assessment of the iron nutritional status of the United States population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985;42(6):1318-1330
35. Rao JNK, Scott AJ. The analysis of categorical data from complex surveys: chi-square tests for goodness of fit and independence in two-way tables. J Am Stat Assoc. 1981;76:221-230.
36. Rao JNK, Scott AJ. On chi-squared tests for multiway contingency tables with cell proportions estimated from survey data. Ann Stat. 1984;12(1):46-60
37. US Census Bureau. 2006 American Community Survey: selected population profile in the United States: Hispanic or Latino (of any race). http://factfinder.census.gov/ser...- ouverture dans une nouvelle fenêtre. Accessed February 13, 2008.
38. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA. 2004;291(23):2847-2850
39. Yip R, Binkin NJ, Fleshood L, Trowbridge FL. Declining prevalence of anemia among low-income children in the United States. JAMA. 1987;258(12):1619-1623
40. Centers for Disease Control. Declining anemia prevalence among children enrolled in public nutrition and health program selected states. JAMA 1986, 256(16):2165.
41. Rees J, Monsen E, Merrill J. Iron fortification of infant foods: a decade of change. Clin Pediatr. 1985;24(12):707-710
42. Sarett HP, Bain KR, O'Leary JC. Decision on breastfeeding and formula feeding and trends in infant feeding practices. Am J Dis Child. 1983;137(8):719-725
43. Martinez GA, Kreiger FW. 1984 Milk feeding patterns in the United States. Pediatrics. 1985;76(6):1004-1008
44. Cohen AR. Choosing the best strategy to prevent childhood iron deficiency. JAMA. 1999;281(23):2247-2248
45. Eden AN, Mir MA. Iron deficiency in 1- to 3-year-old children: a pediatric failure? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151(10):986-988
46. Boutry M, Needlman R. Use of diet history in the screening of iron deficiency. Pediatrics. 1996;98(6, pt 1):1138-1142
47. Sargent JD, Stukel TA, Dalton MA, Freeman JL, Brown MJ. Iron deficiency in Massachusetts communities: socioeconomic and demographic risk factors among children. Am J Public Health. 1996;86(4):544-550
48. Polhamus B, Dalenius K, Thompson D, et al. Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance 2001 Report. Atlanta, GA: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2003.
49. Miller V, Swaney S, Deinhard A. Impact of the WIC program on the iron status of infants. Pediatrics. 1985;75(1):100-105
50. Vazquez-Seoane P, Windom R, Pearson HA. Disappearance of iron deficiency anemia in a high risk infant population given supplemental iron. N Engl J Med. 1985;313(19):1239-1240
51. Kwiatkowski JL, West TB, Heidery N, Smith-Whitley K, Cohen AR. Severe iron deficiency anemia in young children. J Pediatr. 1999;135(4):514-516
52. Russell SJ, Wooley R, Buchanan GR. Severe iron deficiency (IDA): a persistent problem for the pediatric hematologist. Presented at: the Eighth Annual Meeting of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology; September 28-30, 1995; Alexandria, VA.
53. Olivera V, Gunderson G. WIC and the Nutrient Intake of Children. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service; 2000.
54. WIC Participant and Program Characteristics 2000: Executive Summary. United States Department of Agriculture Web site. http://www.fns.usda.gov/oane/MEN...- ouverture dans une nouvelle fenêtre. Accessed May 30, 2007.
55. Committee on Nutrition, American Academy of Pediatrics. Iron balance and requirement in infancy. Pediatrics. 1969;43(1):134-142
56. Committee on Nutrition, American Academy of Pediatrics. Iron supplementation for infants. Pediatrics. 1976;58(5):765-768
57. Kaste LM, Gift HC. Inappropriate infant bottle-feeding. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149(7):786-791
58. Schroer D, Brotanek JM, Tomany-Korman S, Flores G. Reasons for prolonged bottle-feeding and iron deficiency in Mexican-American toddlers: an ethnographic study [abstract 6306.12]. E-PAS 2007, 61.
59. Graham EA, Carlson TH, Sodergren KK, Detter JC, Labbe RF. Delayed bottle-weaning and iron deficiency in Southeast Asian toddlers. West J Med. 1997;167(1):10-14
60. Culhane-Pera KA, Naftali ED, Jacobson C, Xiong ZB. Cultural feeding practices and child-raising philosophy contribute to iron-deficiency anemia in refugee Hmong children. Ethn Dis. 2002;12(2):199-205
61. Morad A. Severe iron deficiency anemia at the end of the 20th century. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1998; 20396.
62. Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002;288(14):1728-1732
63. Punnonen K, Irjala K, Rajamaki A. Serum transferrin receptor and its ratio to serum ferritin in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Blood. 1997;89(3):1052-1057
64. Cook JD, Flowers CH, Skikne BS. The quantitative assessment of body iron. Blood. 2003;101(9):3359-3364
65. World Health Organization/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Assessing the Iron Status Measures of Populations:A Report of a Joint World Health Organization/Centers For Disease Control Technical Consultation on the Assessment of Iron Status at the Population Level. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004.
66. Kratovil T, DeBerardinis J, Gallagher N, Luban NL, Soldin SJ, Wong EC. Age specific reference intervals for soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR). Clin Chim Acta. 2007;380(1-2):222-224
67. Yeung GS, Zlotkin S. Prevalence estimates for transferrin receptor in normal infants 9-15 mo of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66(2):342-346
68. Angeles Vazquez Lopez M, Carracedo A, Lendinez F, Munoz FJ, Lopez J, Munoz A. The usefulness of serum transferrin receptor for discriminating iron deficiency without anemia in children. Haematologica. 2006;91(2):264-265
69. Angeles Vazquez Lopez M, Molinos FL, Carmona ML, et al. Serum transferrin receptor in children: usefulness for determining the nature of anemia in infection. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2006;28(12):809-815
70. Brugnara C. Iron deficiency and erythropoesis: new diagnostic approaches. Clin Chem. 2003;49(10):1573-1578
71. White KC. Anemia is a poor predictor of iron deficiency among toddlers in the United States: for heme the bell tolls. Pediatrics. 2005;115(2):315-320
|
Language: | English.
|
Document Type: | Article.
|
Journal Subset: | Clinical Medicine.
|
ISSN: | 1072-4710
|
NLM Journal Code: | 9422751, bwf
|
Annotation(s) | |
|
|